Leadership and Management Essay

Instruction is a significant establishment because of the job it plays in transmitting social abilities and information expected of any individual from the general public (Hofman, Gray and Daly, 2004). It is significant that the degrees of advancement of a country’s instruction frameworks bears close relationship to the monetary and social conditions that the said nation will manage. It is along these tons of the general public and the instruction framework to guarantee that individuals from the general public accomplish however much as could reasonably be expected from this framework. High accomplishment in eduction is far much useful than low level training in the cutting edge society because of the elevated level of instructive fulfillment. A doctorate qualification is as of now what a college degree was in the 1990’s (Hofman, Gray and Daly, 2004). The degree of instructive achievement requires a person to gangs at any rate a bosses degree to stand apart among others. The need to remain above others and increase some bit of leeway over them in the serious activity showcase is the fundamental explanation behind my compatibility of a doctoral qualification. In picking instructive authority and the executives of higher establishments in Singapore the key thought was my occupation. I have actually worked in the instructive field in various limit. Having filled in as an associate head of global projects at Crestar organization, human asset the executives with a Christian affiliation, addressed English at Kaplan city grounds and being a full time expert mentor at NTUC, my life has based on the executives and higher foundation of learning. Understanding the idea of advanced education initiative and the executives in Singapore is in this way applicable to my profession. Importance of USQ Doctorate examines is about dominance and utilization of standards and speculations concentrated in class. A doctorate graduate ought to have the option to dissect and relate issues identified with their zone of specialization by giving fluctuated measurement. Doctorate graduates are relied upon to be above different levels in their way to deal with speculation as well as they should likewise show significant levels of standards and qualities expected of the general public (Mok, 2006). Dominance of rules that are pertinent to the necessities of the general public, and the improvement of standards and qualities that are anticipated from the general public are simply yet a couple of the advantages expected of a USQ proficient doctorate; it is in this way evident that the program improves pros as well as better individuals from the general public by coordinating the estimations of assurance, camaraderie and mental fortitude into the understudies. The pretended by the instruction framework simply like some other social frameworks is impossible by some other framework. Engendering of accepted practices and advancement of abilities that are applicable to the requirements of the general public are a portion of the destinations of the training framework. In spite of the fact that the training frameworks is one of the most established organization, the improvement of the higher instructions part in Singapore is an ongoing occasion. Singapore’s training framework however very sorted out when contrasted with its neighbours’ is confronted with various difficulties (Lee and Fredriksen, 2008). Most difficulties in the instruction framework can be followed to the administration and initiative of the training framework. In spite of the instruction framework being a social frameworks it despite everything falls prey with the impacts of fanatic politic. The contribution of the focal government on instructive issue can't be kept away from since the training framework is under the government’s care, in any case, the training framework ought to be protected from the negative impacts of helpless legislative issues. Debasement absence of expert information and nepotisms are a portion of the issue that influence the instruction frameworks at the low level. Exploring on instruction the executives and administration in advanced education area builds up my exploration abilities as well as guarantee mindfulness on issues that influence the board and initiative of advanced education division and is thusly pertinent to proficient conveyance in future. Individual Capabilities Doctorate examines require great scholastic foundation and enthusiasm for the zone of study. Assurance characterizes me; level of instruction accomplishment and the idea of employments that I have been associated with give me the experience and aptitudes required to embrace a doctorate course. I am knowledgeable in the administration of the training framework and issues looked by low level staff like mentors and educators. My position places me in a circumstance where I can take a gander at the issues from both the administration and usage level which is an ability that couple of have. My scholastic capability is certainly for I am a holder of a bosses degree in instruction. I in this manner have what it takes and capability expected of doctorate qualification and there is no reason for stress on my capacities. Writing Review The training framework thought basic to the advancement of the general public is no more bizarre to contention. Usage of the instruction framework objectives has particularly been enduring an onslaught with some thinking of the view that the training framework, much the same as some other social framework is answerable for social generation (Kassem, Mufti and Robinson, 2006). The instruction frameworks is seen by such pundits as a device utilized by people with great influence to guarantee they keep up their position while ignoring the requirements of the less engaged. It is very evident that commercialisation of training has prompted increment in levels of instructive fulfillment. Increment in levels of instructive fulfillment is described by increment in the expense of getting advanced education. The expenses of training at a level that is pertinent to the improvement of specialized abilities required by the activity showcase is high and outskirts misuse (Kassem, Mufti and Robinson, 2006). Projection shows that the expense of instruction is probably going to go up with increment sought after for training. This is accused on commercialisation of instruction which has made it efficient and hence test to the market powers of flexibly and request the main contrasts being that the interest is consistently on a high. Then again, the commercialisation of training and procedures created by the legislature and different partners who are accused for the issues confronting instruction by social generation scholars is refered to as the initial move towards the advancement of the high instruction division (Mok, 2006). Accept China for instance, the changes which included permitting privatization of the advanced education part and detailing and execution of cost sharing system are refered to as the key driving variables to the degrees of improvement accomplished (Mok, 2006).

Cinematography Everything You Need To Know Essay Example For Students

Cinematography Everything You Need To Know Essay Cinematography: Everything You Need To Know(sin-uh-muh-tahg-ruh-fee)Cinematography is the procedure and specialty of making movies, whichare a succession of photos of a solitary subject that are taken over timeand then anticipated in a similar arrangement to make a deception of movement. Each picture of a moving item is marginally not the same as the former one. ProjectorA movie projector extends the arrangement of picture frames,contained on a strip of film, in their appropriate request. A paw engagesperforations in the film and pulls the film down into the film gate,placing each new edge in the very same situation as the previous one. At the point when the casing is in position, it is anticipated onto the screen byilluminating it with a light emission. The timeframe between theprojection of each despite everything picture when no picture is anticipated is ordinarily notnoticed by the watcher. Two perceptual phenomenapersistence of vision and the basic flickerfrequencycause a nonstop picture. Diligence of a dream is theability of the watcher to hold or here and there recall the impression ofan picture after it has been pulled back from see. The basic flickerfrequency is the base pace of interference of the anticipated light beamthat won't cause the film to seem to gleam. A frequencyabove around 48 interferences a subsequent will dispense with glimmer. CameraLike a still camera (see CAMERA), a film camera shoots each pictureindividually. The film camera, in any case, should likewise move the film preciselyand control the shade, keeping the measure of light arriving at the filmnearly steady from casing to outline. The shade of a film camera isessentially a roundabout plate turned by an electric engine. An opening inthe plate uncovered the film outline simply after the film has been positionedand has stopped. The plate itself keeps on pivoting easily. Photographic materials must be produced with extraordinary exactness. Theperforations, or openings in the film, must be accurately situated. Thepitchthe good ways from one opening to anothermust be kept up by correctfilm capacity. By the late 1920s, a sound in video form arrangement of synchronousSOUND RECORDING was created and increased far reaching notoriety. In thisprocess, the sound is recorded independently on a machine synchronized withthe picture camera. Dissimilar to the image part of the film, the soundportion is recorded and played back ceaselessly instead of inintermittent movement. In spite of the fact that altering despite everything utilizes punctured filmfor adaptability, an increasingly current method utilizes ordinary attractive tapefor unique account and synchronizes the chronicle to the pictureelectronically (see TAPE RECORDER). On the off chance that the quantity of photos anticipated per unit time allotment (rate) differsfrom the number delivered per unit time by the camera, a clear speedingup or easing back down of the typical rate is made. Changes in the framerates are utilized sporadically for comic impact or movement investigation. Cinematography turns into a workmanship when the movie producer endeavors to make movingimages that relate legitimately to human observation, give visualsignificance and data, and incite passionate reaction. History of Film TechnologySeveral parlor toys of the mid 1800s utilized visual deceptions comparable tothose of the movie. These incorporate the thaumatrope (1825); thephenakistiscope (1832); the stroboscope (1832); and the zoetrope (1834). The photographic film, be that as it may, was first utilized as a methods for investigationrather than of dramatic hallucination. Leland Stanford, at that point senator ofCalifornia, employed picture taker Eadweard MUYBRIDGE to demonstrate that at some point in a ponies dash each of the four legs are at the same time off the ground. Muybridge did as such by utilizing a few cameras to create an arrangement ofphotographs with extremely brief timeframe interims between them. Such a multiplephotographic record was utilized in the kinetoscope, which showed aphotographic moving picture and was financially fruitful for a period. The kinetoscope was imagined either by Thomas Alva EDISON or by hisassistant William K. L. Dickson, both of whom had tested originallywith moving pictures as an enhancement to the phonograph record. They laterturned to George EASTMAN, who gave an adaptable celluloid film base tostore the enormous number of pictures important to make movies. The mechanical methods for cinematography were bit by bit culminated. It wasdiscovered that it was smarter to show the grouping of imagesintermittently as opposed to constantly. This method permitted a greaterpresentation time and all the more light for the projection of each edge. Anotherimprovement was the circle above and beneath the film door in both the cameraand the projector, which kept the film from tearing. By the late 1920s, synchronized sound was being presented in motion pictures. These sound movies before long supplanted quiet movies in fame. To forestall themicrophones from getting camera commotion, a versatile lodging was designedthat muted clamors and permitted the camera to be moved about. In recentyears, gear, lighting, and film have all been improved, however theprocesses included remain basically the equivalent. RICHARD FLOBERGBibliographyBibliography: Fielding, Raymond, ed., A Technological History of MotionPictures and Television (1967); Happe, I. Bernard, Basic Motion PictureTechnology, 2d ed. (1975); Malkiewicz, J. Kris, and Rogers, Robert E.,Cinematography (1973); Wheeler, Leslie J., Principles of Cinematography,4th ed. (1973). film:film, history ofThe history of film has been overwhelmed by the disclosure and testing of theparadoxes inborn in the medium itself. Film utilizes machines to recordimages of life; it consolidates still photos to give the deception ofcontinuous movement; it appears to introduce life itself, however it likewise offersimpossible unrealities moved toward just in dreams.^The movie wasdeveloped during the 1890s from the association of still PHOTOGRAPHY, which recordsphysical reality, with the determination of-vision toy, which made drawnfigures seem to move. Four significant film conventions have created sincethen: anecdotal account film, which recounts tales about individuals with whoman crowd can distinguish on the grounds that their reality looks recognizable; nonfictionaldocumentary film, which centers around this present reality either to train or toreveal a fact about it; enlivened film, which makes drawn orsculpted figures look as though they are moving and talking; and experim entalfilm, which adventures films capacity to make an absolutely abstract,nonrealistic world not at all like any beforehand seen.^Film is considered theyoungest work of art and has acquired much from the more seasoned and moretraditional expressions. Like the novel, it can recount stories; like the dramatization, itcan depict struggle between live characters; like composition, it creates inspace with light, shading, shade, shape, and surface; like music, it moves intime as per standards of mood and tone; like move, it presentsthe development of figures in space and is frequently underscored by music; andlike photography, it presents a two-dimensional rendering of what appearsto be three-dimensional reality, utilizing point of view, profundity, andshading.^Film, in any case, is one of only a handful scarcely any expressions that is both spatial andtemporal, purposefully controlling both existence. This synthesishas offered ascend to two clashing speculations about film and its histor icaldevelopment. A few scholars, for example, S. M. EISENSTEIN and RudolfArnheim, have contended that film must take the way of the other present day artsand focus not on recounting stories or speaking to the real world however oninvestigating existence in an unadulterated and deliberately theoretical manner. Others, for example, Andre Bazin and Siegfried KRACAUER, keep up that film mustfully and cautiously build up its association with nature so it canportray human occasions as excitingly and revealingly as possible.^Because ofhis notoriety, his prosperity at publicizing his exercises, and his propensity ofpatenting machines before really imagining them, Thomas EDISON receivedmost of the credit for having concocted the movie; as early as1887, he licensed a film camera, however this couldn't produceimages. As a general rule, numerous innovators added to the advancement ofmoving pictures. Maybe the principal significant commitment was the seriesof movement photos made by Eadweard MUYBRIDGE somewhere in the range of 1872 and 1877. Recruited by the legislative leader of California, Leland Stanford, to catch on filmthe development of a racehorse, Muybridge tied a progression of wires across thetrack and associated every one to the shade of a still camera. The runninghorse stumbled the wires and uncovered a progression of still photos, whichMuybridge then mounted on a stroboscopic plate and anticipated with a magiclantern to duplicate a picture of the pony moving. Muybridge shothundreds of such examinations and proceeded to address in Europe, where his workintrigued the French researcher E. J. MAREY. Marey contrived a methods ofshooting movement photos with what he called a photographic gun.^Edisonbecame keen on the conceivable outcomes of movement photography after hearingMuybridge address in West Orange, N.J. Edisons movement pictureexperiments, under the heading of William Kennedy Laurie Dickson, beganin 1888 with an endeavor to record the photos on wax chambers similarto those used to make the first phonograp h accounts. Dickson made amajor advancement when he chose to utilize George EASTMANs celluloid filminstead. Celluloid was intense however graceful and could be fabricated in longrolls, making it a magnificent mechanism for movement photography, which requiredgreat lengths of film. Somewhere in the range of 1891 and 1895, Dickson shot numerous 15-secondfilms utilizing the Edison camera, or Kinetograph, however Edison chose againstprojecting the movies for audiencesin part on the grounds that the visual outcomes wereinadequate and to some extent since he felt that films would havelittle open intrigue. Rather, Edison showcased an electrically drivenpeep-gap seeing machine (the Kinetoscope) that displ

Research project Essay Example for Free

Research venture Essay Adolescents likely could be the most censured age around in our general public legends proliferate about their commitment to wrongdoing and the degree of harm for which they are capable. The ones who are associated with reprobate conduct are youthful young people between the ages of 18 †21 years. As indicated by the investigation done by the Citizen Television (TV) on June 2012, little fellows between the age of 15 yrs to 18 yrs are going through their time on earth in a correctional facility in Borstal Institutions (BI) I. e. Shikusa BI in Kakamega and Shimo la Tewa BI in Mombasa. Numerous countries are not gainful on the grounds that these young people who are relied upon to work and kill neediness lose their life at a beginning time and others turnout to become grown-up hoodlums thus turning into a danger to the nation and the world on the loose. Adolescent misconduct is an uncertain social and lawful mark for a wide assortment of law and non-disregarding conduct. Wrongdoing is a conduct against the criminal code perpetrated by a person who has not arrived at adulthood. Lawfully, an adolescent reprobate is one who submits a demonstration characterized by law as illicit and who is arbitrated reprobate by a suitable court. As indicated by William Blackstone, one of the most punctual England attorneys who impacted the England law on Juvenile Justice System; he assembled individuals into two; I. e. â€Å"Infant† and â€Å"Adult. † Children younger than seven were generally speaking named newborn children who couldn't be blameworthy of a lawful offense. Youngsters more than 14 yrs were obligated to endure as grown-ups whenever saw as liable of a wrongdoing. The reprobate conduct has a few outcomes running from physical, social, monetary and instruction. Reprobate young men face demise, school dropout, attack, impact in medication and substance misuse and lewd behavior. The most casualties of misconduct conduct are the young people explicitly extending between 15 yrs †18 yrs old enough on review from Kenya Prisons Service as indicated by the report from Borstal Institutions and YCTC. 1. 1: BACKGROUND INFORMATION OF THE STUDY AREA: King’orani sub-area is found inside Mombasa District. It’s along Indian Ocean toward the East. The sub-area is in the Coast Province Mombasa County and in excess of 500 km settles up from the capital city of Kenya, Nairobi. King’orani sub-area has an all out number of ten thousand, eight hundredâ and ninety five (10,895) family units. It covers a territory of 16. 2 km2. The absolute populace of ladies is twenty one thousand, 900 and fifty seven (21,957) while that of men is twenty one thousand, 400 and seventy seven (21,477); giving an aggregate of forty 3,000 400 and thirty four (43,434) individuals in the sub-area. The entire region has a sum of 27333, family units. It covers a zone of 7,792. 2 km2. The quantity of female is 203,833 while that of male is 196,681 consequently giving an aggregate of 400,514 individuals in the region. This figure (400,514) incorporates even youngsters in the locale. 1. 2: POPULATION: Most of the individuals in the area are Mijikenda, Europeans, the Swahili and the good country individuals each involving 75%, 5%, 15% and 10% of the populace separately. The most communicated in language in the territory is Swahili and Mijikenda. As indicated by the ongoing enumeration insights, the quantity of adolescents or preferably the youngsters is progressively over that of the old; 30% of the populace is for the old while 70% is for the young. 1. 3: PROBLEM OF THE STATEMENT: The issue of the wrongdoing conduct isn't just in Kenya yet additionally a world calamity as well. Wrongdoing conduct has gotten numerous social indecencies the network, for example, demise, expanded number of school dropouts and joblessness. A review was led inside the king’orani sub-area among certain families and people to discover the age of the men who are at a high danger of getting reprobate. 1. 4: PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The reason for the examination was to complete an examination on the reasons for Juvenile Delinquency in king’orani Sub-area Mombasa District. The investigation took a gander at causes, for example, family impact, destitution, peer weight, medication and substance misuse, schools and hereditary components and the effect they have on the expectations for everyday comforts of the individuals and the general public on the loose. The significant point/reason for the examination was to discover why the young people in king’orani Sub-area inside Mombasa District are engaged with misconduct/culpability and how the arrangement will be figured it out. 1. 5: RESEARCH OBJECTIVES a)To discover the reasons for Juvenile Delinquency in king’orani Sub-area b)To decide the impacts of Juvenile Delinquency in king’orani Sub-area c)To explore the mentality of the network towards delinquents d)To research if there are quantifies set up to check wrongdoing conduct e)To examine the job of guardians in controlling delinquents 1. 6: RESEARCH QUESTIONS: a)What causes Juvenile Delinquency? b)What job do guardians have in controlling wrongdoing? c)What job does the Government have in controlling wrongdoing? d)What measures ought to be taken to forestall misconduct? e)What impacts do delinquents have to the general public? 1. 7: RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS: a)Juveniles include in wrongdoing conduct due to povertym b)Juveniles become delinquents because of friend pressure c)Juvenile misconduct influences the country contrarily d)Juveniles become reprobate because of hereditary/organic variables e)There are no firm measures set up to check the threat in the territory. 1. 8: RESEARCH LIMITATIONS AND ASSUMPTIONS LIMITATIONS: The exploration venture was completed at king’orani Sub-area in Mombasa District Mombasa County. The inquiry pointed a populace of forty 3,000 400 and thirty four. This was extremely difficult for the specialist to get the data. In any case, the specialist battled by visiting practically all the towns and schools in king’orani Sub-area and gathered the information. The scientist focused to meet 200 individuals yet figured out how to get 95 out of the focused on ones. A TABLE OF INTERVIEWED AND UNINTERVIEWED RESPONDENTS: (TABLE 1. 1). 10 †20 YRS21 †30 YRS31 †40 YRS41YRS +TOTAL INTERVIEWED2030202595 UNINTERVIEWED23342226105 TOTAL43644251200 LIMITATIONS FACED: A great deal of cash was utilized in arrangements of the meeting aide and polls so as to achieve the report. The specialist expended aâ lot of time trusting that the polls will be filled by the respondents Since it was a stormy season, larger part of the populace were extremely occupied in their shambas subsequently constrained the scientist in some cases to tail them in their cultivating fields. A portion of the interviewees were occupied to give out the data henceforth denying the analyst some urgent data. There were lacking asset s to go starting with one town then onto the next looking for truth of this report. The specialist confronted numbness from a portion of the respondents. There was reluctance of the respondents which constrained the precision of the investigation. The time given for the specialist to wrap up the report was lacking consequently constrained him not to rest for a few days. HOW THE RESEARCHER OVERCAME THE PROBLEMS The scientist utilized numerous approaches to guarantee that the respondents took an interest in the meeting gathering. The analyst utilized partners in the town to illuminate the individuals on the significance of the examination. The specialist made more opportunity to catch up on the polls to guarantee it has been finished. The specialist got assets from his gatekeeper so as to do this examination work. The scientist utilized his opportunity to clarify the significance of the examination task to the respondents. Suppositions: During the examination, the accompanying presumptions were made: The language was essentially for the respondents to comprehend. The pointed populace was critical to the examination. Meeting guide and the surveys were identified with the destinations. The examples were valid for the entire populace. The data from the respondents was accepted to be valid. The inquiries were not muddled for the respondents. 1. 9: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH: The examination brought out valuable information on the reasons for adolescent wrongdoing in king’orani Sub-area in Mombasa District. The discoveries were valuable to the approach creators and partners for proper direction towards improving the expectations for everyday comforts of the network, and furthermore prompted a progressively agreeable life not just in king’orani Sub-area in Mombasa District, yet additionally in different areas in Kenya with comparative patterns towards wrongdoing. 1. 10: STUDY JUSTIFICATION: This investigation was significant in light of the fact that a large portion of the individuals in the region were young people. As per the registration done in the year 2009, it was discovered that young included 70%. This showed the young were more contrasted with the more seasoned individuals. There is have to shield the young people from wrongdoing conduct since they are the pioneers of tomorrow. On the off chance that this issue won't be carefully tended to, at that point we have no future heading. We have heard news around the globe that numerous individuals particularly the young people have lost their lives due to misconduct conduct. This examination undertaking will help the administration, non-legislative associations and other related organization with realities on the issue and give a portion of the potential arrangements. Part TWO 2. 0. Writing REVIEW: The writing survey investigated different variables that advance adolescent wrongdoing. All the circumstances and end results of adolescent wrongdoing were talked about, inspected and examined. The variables that lead to poor training and poor everyday environments were featured. The path forward to the crimination of such factors by the network arrangement producers and different partners were recommended. As per the criminologist, adolescent wrongdoing is support in unlawful conduct by a minor who falls under a legal age limit. As indicated by researchers, there are various elements which add to the reprobate conduct. They additionally said

Food Safety in America Research Paper - 2200 Words

Food Safety in America (Research Paper Sample) Content: Name:Course:Instructor:Date:Food Safety in AmericaAmericaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s food supply is not safe from contamination, and this can be supported by the recent statistics that one in every six individuals in America dies from food contamination each year. In the year 2011 foodborne diseases such as, salmonella had been caused by contamination of turkey, bologna, papayas, hazelnuts, sprouts and cantaloupe. Food safety can be defined as the process of practicing and providing good conditions that are capable of preserving foodà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s quality and hence preventing contamination and cases of foodborne diseases. All types of food are in a position of being contaminated though others have a higher risk of contamination. Foods with higher contamination risks include raw fish, poultry, dairy products, eggs, raw sprouts and cheese. Such foods have to be stored at low temperatures all the time in order to avoid contamination.Food safety can be achieved through proper handling of food in the supply chain and ensuring that food reaches the final consumer in a timely manner. Federal agencies in America, who are responsible for food safety through prevention of supply of contaminated food to hotels and grocery outlets, have failed to honor their duties hence putting the lives of millions of people at a risk. Food safety in America now depends on the initiatives of individuals who lack the necessary authority of protecting consumers.There are many chances of food being contaminated during its production and preparation since we all live in microbial world full foodborne microbes. Majority of foodborne microbes are found in the bodies of animals especially their intestines. This is the reason as to why meat and poultry products can easily be contaminated during slaughtering (Bartos, 8). Vegetables and fresh fruits can also be easily contaminated with these pathogens when they are not handled properly during harvesting. They are contaminated when washed with dirt y water mixed with animal feces. Eggs can be infested with salmonella when the eggs ovaries are infested with these bacteria. Seafoods can also be infested with norovirus when sea creatures live in water contaminate with sewage.Seafoods from Thailand and China poses a great threat to food safety in America. This is due to the reason that food safety standards in these two countries are far much below those of the US. Even with this limitation a majority of food consumed in America still comes from these countries accounting for 80%. The country should hence come up with strict measures of addressing this issue since the lives of many people are being put at a very high risk of contracting food borne diseases. Food is contaminated during food processing when infected people are allowed to handle food or when other contaminated ingredients are introduced in the process. For instance, if an infected person handles food with unwashed hands, he can easily transmit norovirus and hepati tis A virus. People should also avoid sharing knives and chopping boards when cooking so that pathogens are not transferred from one food to another.The safety of Americaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s food industry is of much concern after the Al Qaeda terrorist attack and incidents of anthrax in the country. There is a high possibility that the food supply is being contaminated, and this could lead to economic deterioration as well as psychological disorders to people of this country. It is a fact that certain categories of foods are more likely to be contaminated than others but this doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t imply that the less susceptible ones cannot be contaminated since food terrorism applies a technique which affects everybody. If the usual 5,000 deaths and 325,000 hospitalizations experienced in the US were happening concurrently with terrorism from Al Qaeda, then there could be a national crisis in the country.The government should hence ensure that food safety is achieved in America so that it can be able to deal with uncertainties in the future. Policy makers should come up with ways of protecting food safety in the country from terrorism. Protection and planning for food safety should be the priority of food industries and the government at all times. It is not necessarily that the contaminated food can cause an outbreak, but it largely depends on how they are handled.Contaminated food may be having viral load that canà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t cause disease outbreak. However, if they are placed in warm- moist conditions, then favorable conditions for their multiplication is created. Food should at all times be stored under low temperatures so that such cases of pathogenic multiplication can be avoided. This rule, however, does not apply to two groups of foodborne bacteria, Listeria monocytogenes and Yersinia enterocolitica which actually survive under low temperatures (Harris and McDonald, 45). Food can also be preserved using high concentrations of acid, sugar and salt, and this is the reason salted vegetables and meat stay safe for long periods of time. Food pathogens are also destroyed at high temperatures. We should hence make sure that we first cook our food before eating it so as to avoid food poisoning. Clostridium, however doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬t get destroyed when heated at low temperatures. It should be heated at temperatures beyond boiling point for effective destruction.Food contamination is also another factor that is threatening food security in America. Poultry meat often sold in grocery stores are contaminated with poultry feces which leads to bacterial infection by Salmonella. This issue has led to reported infection cases of approximately 3 million Americans every year. One in every five chicken sold in grocery stores is infected with salmonella, and this takes place in the slaughter houses. The government should ensure that safety rules, and regulations in slaughter houses are observed in all instances in order to avoid such cases in future. Farms in which such poultry is reared should also be always put on check in order to ensure that they conform to the expected standards.About 61% of people in America are worried about food supply in the country and majority of them have no confidence in the meat industry claiming that it is full of contamination (Hester, 87). This concern still does not stop them from consuming sixty-three pounds of beef annually per person. The majority of the people worry about meat safety a lot while the others are concerned about seafood. Recently, however research has shown that many people have started showing fear over the contamination of seafood than in the recent past. The number of people killed through food contamination in America has been consistent implying that that much is being done to curb the situation.The statistics of deaths caused through food contamination annually in the country is estimated to be 5,000. Many people, however, get sick and are hospitalized for eating contaminated f ood each year. Foodborne diseases are also creating a huge capital budget to the country amounting to more than 150 billion dollars each year. Recently the consumerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s union joined hands together to demand food producers to get rid of tainted foods from their supply to their respective markets.Federal agencies in America are given the mandate to protect consumers from food poisoning yet many people are poisoned, and thousands have succumbed to the illness. This is happening because these agencies lack proper coordination of activities among themselves so that they can adequately address this issue. Joint efforts are required for the achievement of food safety by these agencies. These agencies include the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the department of agriculture. Food poisoning is creating adverse effects to the economy in terms of human labor and costs to treat the infected individuals. Federal agencies need to work together so that they can effectively address t he issue. Without team work government resources and time are going to be wasted with no meaningful outcomes achieved and peopleà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬s lives being put at risk.Key findings and recommendations about food safety in America have been established by researchers. Poultry poisoned by Campylobacter bacteria has been topping the list, and it has sickened approximately six hundred thousand Americans each and every year at a cost of 1.3 billion dollars.The other concern in poultry is Salmonella, which infects people at an approximate cost of seven hundred million dollars in treating it. The infections caused by these organisms may lead to acute illness and even death. Paralysis neuromuscular complications are caused by campylobacter infection which is a bad infection. It is recommended that safety standards on turkeys and young chicken should be continuously evaluated and tightened in order to stop food contamination by poultry products.The leading disease causing microorganism in poult ry products is salmonella and it accounts for close to three billion dollars cost of infection every year. Poultry produce, such as eggs and food ingredients are among the top ten contaminated substances by salmonella in America. The federal agencies concerned with food safety in America should come up with joint initiatives to control the infestation of food by salmonella. Researchers need to be involved at this stage so that they can give remedies to these bacteria.Fetuses and pregnant women in America are seriously affected by poisoning in meat, cheeses, beef and pork. These microorganisms cause Listeria and Toxoplasma in these food products. When pregnant women consume these infected products they are at a high risk of experiencing still births. (Hunter and David Tietyen, 5). On the other hand the infants born by these mothers suffer from physical and mental disabilities which are not reversible. Agencies concerned with food safety should t...

Lack Of Writing And Computer Skills - 1850 Words

Lack of writing and computer skills in the BCP department can have a significant impact on the organization. Vital information can be missed or left out of correspondences to organization cohorts, subcontractors and funders; and simple computer tasks can take more time than expected, resulting in poor productivity, delay in services and missed funding opportunities (as a result of missing deadlines). Additionally, such a lack of skill can be extremely time-consuming for direct supervisors having to take on the task of proof-reading every correspondence that goes out and teach basic computer skills in addition to training the new hires on the various computer systems employees are expected to use. Another issue is the interview process.†¦show more content†¦Solutions The HRM challenges that MMCC is experiencing in its BCP department can be resolved with proper strategic planning. Pynes agrees that adopting a strategic planning approach that considers short-term needs and long-term objectives in an organization, will give the organization the ability to better match their human resource requirements with the demands of the external environment and the needs of the organization (2013). The objective, on the recruitment end, would be to become more transparent making potential hires more aware of the expectations of the job and the details of the tasks. Once hired, the new employees will need to be properly trained, within a specific amount of time, on the tasks required of them, as well as the various computer-based systems the BCP office uses. To accomplish the goal of transparency, the hiring team can create and share what can be called a â€Å"cheat-sheet†. 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World War Two And Its Effect On The World - 1485 Words

World War Two World War Two began in 1939 and it when for six year, World War Two lasted until both the Germans and the Japanese had surrendered in 1945, which was six years after it began. It began in September 1939 when Britain and France declared war on Germany after Germany had invaded Poland. January 1933 Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany and he immediately he secretly built up Germany s army and weapons. In 1934 he made the size of the army bigger and he began to build warships and he created a German air force. Britain and France were aware of Germany preparing for war but they were concerned about the rise of Communism and they thought that if Germany was stronger, it might prevent the spread of Communism. In 1936 German troops entered Rhineland, they weren t very strong at this point and they couldn t of been defeated easily by France or England but neither of them were prepared for war. Germany s next step was to take back the land that was originally theirs and in March 1938 Ge rman troops moved into Austria, the Austrian leader was forced to hold a vote to see if Austria wanted to be apart of Germany. The voting results shows that were fixed and 99% of people wanted to be in union with Germany. Austria looked for help from France and Britain and hitter promised that it was the last of Germany spreading because he didn t want war. Hitler lied and in March 1939 invaded Czechoslovakia. Despite the Czechoslovakian government asking for help eitherShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of World War Two Essay1124 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of World War Two WWII was one of the wars that had the most devastating effects on peoples live in Europe. During five years citizens of the different countries suffered from this brutal war to which they were condemned by their government. Two of the most affected home fronts during this war, were Britain, and Germany. 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World Water Shortage Best Way to Manage †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The World Water Shortage Best Way To Manage? Answer: Introduction All aspects of human life are made possible with the availability of adequate water on the surface of the earth. Just the same way people breathe in the air, water to sustain the lives of human beings, plants and the rest of the animals on the surface of the earth. Water is essential for good human health and the general well-being of people. Besides, water sustains the ecosystems around the world (Ryder, 2016, pp. 1-2). World economies also hugely depend on the availability of water. Some of the sectors whose success and performance hugely depend on the availability of adequate water include agriculture, inland fisheries, mining, hydroelectricity generation, aquaculture, animal husbandry and processing of goods among others. The majority of the listed sectors require a large amount of water at some stages in the course of their value chain (Ryder, 2016, pp. 1-2). About half of the world taskforce in water-dependent industries such as agriculture, energy, forestry, building and const ruction, fisheries, water transport and water resource dependent industries. Adequate water, proper sanitation, and hygiene services in human residential and work areas promote robust economy because of such condition results into the healthy and productive workforce. It is necessary for every person in the world to have access to safe, reliable, adequate and affordable water supply (Ryder, 2016, p. 4). Water in itself is life, and we cannot do away with it. However, it is fortunate to note that this is not always the case. Several places in the world experience water shortage year in year out. This research paper investigates the possible causes of water shortage around the world and the possible ways in which the situation can be managed so that everyone can benefit from this important natural resource. First, this reports identifies the possible causes of water shortage. It then provides possible solutions to the causes of water shortage (Ryder, 2016, p. 5). Courses of world water shortage Shortage of water arises when there is a scarcity of the resource. There are very many causes of water shortage across the world. Some of these causes are human-made while some come naturally. The causes include: Water pollution Water pollution is a major challenge and frequently results in shortage of water. Water pollution occurs in many forms. Some of the types of water pollution include oil leakage onto water, carcasses, fecal matter and chemicals among many others. Polluted water is unsafe and hence unproductive (Rinkesh, 2009, p. 6). Once water has been polluted, it can no longer be used for any meaningful use. There are very many ways in which water is polluted. Some people pollute water out of ignorance. One of the main sources of water pollution is agriculture during application of fertilizers and other chemicals such as herbicides and pesticides. The chemicals are poisonous and can easily kill. Once people realize that water has been polluted, they tend to keep away from accessing the water (Saddleback Educational Publishing, 2009,p.34). They hence end up experiencing water shortage. Drought A drought refers to a condition in which an area fails to receive adequate rainfall necessary to sustain lives of the people, animals, and plants in a given area. Some parts of the world are located in perpetual drought while some areas experience occasional droughts (Mrinmoy Majumder, 2015,p.45). Droughts are common across the world, and there is nothing that can be done to eliminate them. During droughts, the land and all the water sources dry up. The scarcity of water therefore arises (Rinkesh, 2009, p. 7). Global warming has also resulted into droughts in the recent years. There are areas that never experienced droughts in the past. However, today the areas are in danger of droughts. People who live in the areas experience a lot of problems when it comes to accessing water. Distance Some areas of the world experience water shortage simply because they are located very far away from water sources. Desert areas, for example, dont have places where people can obtain adequate water. The people may be forced to walk several kilometers to access some little water. There is the possibility that wells could be dug in the areas that are located far away from water sources. However, the move has not been successful. The water table is low in some areas and hence cannot be easily reached (Saddleback Educational Publishing, 2009,p.23). It is therefore needless to invest finances in drilling wells and only to realize that the water level is deep underground and hence cannot be reached. Solutions for shortage of water Water is very essential. Its shortage brings about a lot of problems, among them diseases, sanitation issues, hunger, poverty, and unavailability of clean drinking water. It is, therefore, necessary for the causes of water shortage to be solved. Some of the solutions include: Education and legislation It is necessary for the world population to be educated on water usage (Luis Santos Pereira, Ian Cordery, Iacovos Iacovide, 2009,p.19). They need to understand the world around them and the reason why water should be used with a lot of care. People should be educated and sensitized on the activities that lead to water pollution. In most cases, water pollution is caused by human activities which can be controlled. Topics regarding water pollution and control should be integrated in the syllabus so that children learn about them from tender ages (Peter P. Rogers, M. Ramn Llamas, Luis Martinez Co, 2005,p.13). There is also the need for legislations against water pollution to be put in place. There are people who clearly understand how water pollution leads to water shortage. However, the same people still engages in activities that promote water pollution. Some people engage in activities that promote water pollution because they would like to protect their business interest while ignor ing any other thing that arises. In order to tame this kind of activity, legislations must be passed in parliament. People who engages in water pollution would hence be arrested and prosecuted in a court of law should they be found guilty of the offence. They would learn how water shortage can be controlled (Ryder, 2016, p. 32). Water conservation There are advanced technologies that have been put in place across the world to facilitate water conservation (Gleick, 2014, p. 24). Conservation of water ensures that some water would be available for use even during droughts. People within their communities must therefore come up with water conservation measures even if there are technologies. Some people have no access to the technologies. Conservation of water greatly controls water shortage since the conserved water would be used when water finally runs out. Irrigation and farming in general often becomes culprit when there is a water shortage (Peter P. Rogers, M. Ramn Llamas, Luis Martinez Co, 2005,pp.23-25). As a result, it is necessary for people to improve on their farming and irrigation methods. People should move with speed and embrace farming and irrigation methods that encourage economical water usage. Such methods would ensure that substantial amount of water is reserved for use during drought periods. Irrigation techno logy advances should also be directed such that they conserve the available water as much as possible (Gleick, 2014, pp. 30-32). Supporting initiatives that promote provision of clean water to distant locations There are governmental and non-governmental organizations across the world that engage in initiatives that promote the availability of clean water to people who are located far away from water sources. The initiatives are aimed at bringing water to areas without water (David Groenfeldt, 2013,p.27). There are areas which are located far away from water sources. The people in such areas experience a huge relief when finally they are people who take the mandate and supply them with the crucial natural resource. People who are financially well-off should consider making donations to the organizations that are involved such initiatives. Donations may be in the form of casual labor, skills, time or even finances. People should be encouraged to provide the kind of support that they can afford as long as the support would go a long way in reducing water shortage in some way (Ryder, 2016, pp. 50-55). In addition, the people who are located in the areas which are distance away from water sourc es should consider recycling water. Recycling of water comes with other additional benefits other than control of water shortage. For example, it saves people money which would have been used to pay for more water. There are technologies that facilitate recycling of water at domestic level. Conclusion The research report has shown that there are many causes of water shortage in the world today. However, it has been established that there are several things that people should consider whenever they are discussing water shortage. There are natural causes of water scarcity but most of the causes are human-made and hence can easily be controlled. People should use water economically. Where possible, water should be recycled so that the real water can be used for other purposes. Finally, everyone in his or her capacity should make an effort in ensuring that people who stay in areas where there is no water have access to water since water is life. References list David Groenfeldt. (2013). Water Ethics: A Values Approach to Solving the Water Crisis. Routledge. Gleick, P. H. (2014). The World's Water Volume 8: The Biennial Report on Freshwater Resources. New York: Island Press. Luis Santos Pereira, Ian Cordery, Iacovos Iacovide. (2009). Coping with Water Scarcity: Addressing the Challenges. Springer Science Business Media. Mrinmoy Majumder. (2015). Impact of Urbanization on Water Shortage in Face of Climatic Aberrations. Springer. Peter P. Rogers, M. Ramn Llamas, Luis Martinez Co. (2005). Water Crisis: Myth or Reality? CRC Pres. Rinkesh. (2009). What is water scarcity. Retrieved from https://www.conserve-energy-future.com/causes-effects-solutions-of-water-scarcity.php. Conserve Energy Future. Ryder, G. (2016). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2016. New York: United Nations. Saddleback Educational Publishing. (2009). Global Warming Reading Level 6. Saddleback Educational Publ.

Swot Analysis of McDonald’s Essay Sample free essay sample

A SWOT analysis of McDonalds eating house industry reveals that they have a batch of strengths. failings. chances and menaces. To get down 3 strengths would include trade name names. locations and localized bill of fare options. Brand points of McDonalds maintain the competition from copying their merchandises. for illustration. the happy repast. Big Mac. egg McMuffin are all trade name name points of McDonalds. McDonalds maintains 42 % of the United States beefburger concern. Location is ever cardinal. McDonalds has 32. 478 eating houses in 177 states ( McDonalds. com ) . McDonalds’ localized bill of fare options adapt to their location. for illustration. in India and the Middle East they serve lamb Burgers. Failings would include employee turnover. monetary value of natural stuffs. fluctuating operating disbursals and net net incomes. Employee turnover will be the industry more in developing new employees. McDonalds is a fast nutrient eating house. they attract the employment of adolescents and immature grownups. The monetary value of natural stuffs such as maize and wheat fluctuate with the economic system. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot Analysis of McDonald’s Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Rising cost in stuffs. in bend cost the company more. Fluctuating operating and net net incomes from 2007-2009 ranged from 3. 870. 000 in 2007 and 6. 841. 000 in 2009 for their operating disbursal. A big addition in expense cut net incomes ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Net income for the same old ages was 2. 395. 000 – 4. 551. 000 in 2009 ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Next we look at chances. Many new merchandises are being added to McDonald’s bill of fare every twelvemonth. [ McDonalds continue to put to death our four growing platforms of breakfast. convience. nucleus bill of fare and value. Comparable gross revenues rose 3. 4 % chiefly due to the on-going impulse of our concern in Australia where multiple enterprises environing menu assortment include the launch of the premium Angus Og Burger. greater convience and staying farther strengthened our trade name relevancy ] ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Bing able to maintain monetary values down for the clients improved McDonald’s net income border to 30. 1 % in 2009 ( McDonalds. com. p. 10 ) . Last the option of allergen free nutrient points such as. gluten free and insignificant free is a great chance for McDonald’s. It open the chance to derive more clients to increase gross. Last are menaces that McDonald’s have to postulate with. First the consciousness of eating wonts have cut down on people purchasing Burger and french friess. Peoples have become more cognizant of their eating wonts and seek to cut the fats out of their diets. The fleshiness rate in the US grows every twenty-four hours. Second. many new eating houses opening up with low cost. besides offering value menu’s can endanger gross. Third. taint of nutrient such as E Coli would close down concern and as word of oral cavity traveled. people would hold a fright of acquiring ill. They would hold to do certain safety safeguards were followed to forestall this from go oning. Assurance of Learning Exercise 1B 1. Buying competitors’ refuse – E. L2. Dissecting competitors’ merchandises – U. L3. Taking competitors’ works tours anonymously – L. U4. Counting tractor-trailer trucks go forthing competitors’ lading bays – E. L 5. Analyzing aerial exposure of competitors’ installations – E. L 6. Analyzing competitors’ labour contracts – E. L7. Analyzing competitors’ help-wanted ads – E. L8. Quizing clients and purchasers about the gross revenues of competitors’ merchandises – E. L 9. Infiltrating customers’ and competitors’ concern operations – U. I 10. Quizing providers about competitors’ degree of fabricating – E. L 11. Using clients to purchase out bogus commands – U. I 12. Promoting cardinal clients to uncover competitory information – U. L 13. Quizing competitors’ former employees – U. L14. Interviewing advisers who may hold worked with rivals – U. L 15. Hiring cardinal directors off from rivals – U. L16. Conducting bogus occupation interviews to acquire competitors’ employees to uncover information – U. I 17. Sending applied scientists to merchandise meetings to test competitors’ proficient employees – U. L 18. Quizing possible employees who worked for or with rivals – U. L Assurance of Learning Exercise 1B. ( Steps 1-2 )External Opportunities External Threats 1. Internet Coursea 1. Competing Universities2. Technology in the DLP 2. Other on line classs3. Expand Students spiritualty 3. Federal Support4. School Of Law opening 4. Competition for pupils5. More big pupils come ining college 5. Not plenty degree seeking pupils Internal StrengthsInternal Failings1. Faculty 1. Expanding cultural diverseness of pupils 2. Curriculum 2. Necessitate to to the full integrate engineering 3. Convenient Class agendas 3. Affordability4. Campus Infrastructure 4. Student Recruitment5. Technology 5. Competitive Faculty Wages Assurance of Learning Exercise 1D. ( Step 1-2 ) The website ceoexperess. com has many tools and links to supply up to day of the month and past information on concerns. I feel that the subdivision of this web site that would assist me the most for this category would be the company research subdivision. This subdivision has industry specific hunts. Strategic Management besides deals with study. so the one-year studies subdivision would come in ready to hand. There are many more subdivisions to the company research subdivision that gives a battalion of information. All of this information would be good to my category. I could travel tone site and execute my hunts on a dependable web site. The Standard A ; Poor’s evaluation services is besides in this subdivision. This subdivision would let one to entree corporate services such as recognition evaluations. counter party recognition evaluation and bank loan and recovery evaluation. Research needs to be dependable and this web site is really dependable on company information. There is besides a tip subdivision that has tips on mentioning beginnings. In this subdivision it gives you entree to APA and MLA manners and plagiarism. Becoming aware of the regulations of authorship will maintain your documents your and give recognition to those who deserve the recognition. The different subdivisions have so much information available. The trade subdivision is besides on this site. This would let one to maintain up to day of the month on the trade market. The company research subdivision in bend would supply one with the information that one needs to compose their documents. Ceoexpress webite is non merely and deep well of information. that information is besides dependable. Strategic Management is a really ambitious category. and reading studies from this site gives you a full scope of what the company you are researching is all approximately. This information is updated as information comes in. So you ever have current informations. Mention ( 2009 ) . McDonalds Annual study. Mcdonalds. Retrieved from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. aboutmcdonalds. com/content/dam/AboutMcDonalds/Investors/C- % 5Cfakepath % 5Cinvestors-2009-annual-report. pdf

Reality vs appearance in Richard III Essay Example

Reality vs appearance in Richard III Essay Example Reality vs appearance in Richard III Paper Reality vs appearance in Richard III Paper In the play ‘Richard IIII’, Shakespeare shows instances of outward appearances masking inward reality throughout the play. Shakespeare has effectively intertwined the two elements appearance and reality to give the audience a different view and more information than the characters are aware of in the play. The audience can anticipate events that may follow creating dramatic tension. This theme is represented by Richard, however Richards’s right hand man ‘Buckingham’ also plays a major part in it, ‘’My other self, my counsel’s consistory, my oracle, my prophet!’’ The difference between appearance and reality first shows up when Richard admits to not only himself, but to the audience, that he is a villain, â€Å"As I am subtle, false and treacherous†. By admitting to himself that he, Richard, is a villain, he reveals reality, as he has no motive to lie or deceive himself. In this soliloquy, Richard’s motive is not to deceive any other character, but rather to take a step back from his deceptions and to give the audience a glimmer of reality instead of the cloak he feeds to the other characters. This is one of the few times that Richard exposes himself as what he truly is, a villain, of deception and fraud, ‘’I am determined to prove a villain†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Moreover this theme is also revealed in act three through Buckingham, ‘’we know each other’s faces. For our hearts, He knows no more of mine than I of yours†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢Ã¢â‚¬â„¢. This line gives dramatic force to the theme, the ability to judge a person correctly by external signs. Buckingham says he knows Richard’s outward appearance or faces but not his inward thoughts or heart. In sharp contrast, Hastings claims a close relationship with Richard and assumes that Richard will willingly accept his view as his own. Through Shakespeare’s dramatic irony which creates tension and keeps the audience drawn in suspense, Hastings continues to assume mistakenly that ‘faces’ equal ‘hearts’. He claims that Richard is unable to conceal his feelings and intensions ‘’I think there’s never a man in Christendom can lesser hide his love or hate, than he’’. In ‘Richard III’, Shakespeare uses the difference between appearance and reality to show that one may be so clever like Richard yet it is so difficult to maintain his front. At the end, the truth will finally come out and the consequences are shown to be tragic. Shakespeare has made Richard into such a realistic character for other characters in the play. For them, when reality is revealed it is too late.

Quantitative Research Article Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Quantitative Research Article Critique - Essay Example These are; Annual Survey of Hospitals, views from regular nurses and coordinators from the respective hospitals. During the research, conflicting definition about nurse staffing developed different results. One view of nurse staffing was the duration that patients are under complete care of nurses. The other view is the Canadian view. This view looked at the literal numbers of nurses proving healthcare services to patients. The results achieved from the former view in relation to medication errors established that the two factors never related statistically. The latter view revealed a correlation between the number of nursing staff and the medical errors reported in a nursing unit. The Mplus program and the ALT model was used to analyze the data collected. The analysis resulted to the establishment of four coefficients. The first coefficient reveals the relationship between the predictors and medical errors. The second category of coefficient determines the relationship between medical errors and a particular predictor variable. It reveals the changes implicated on medication errors. The third category of coefficients focuses on monthly medication errors on the following errors. The last coefficient category focuses on the variables in medical error and nurse staffing variables. The divergent views in the definition of nurse staffing implicate difficulties in the establishment of the relationship between nurse staffing and the medical errors. Only two coefficients from the 16 were fruitful. Many limitations experienced during the research could not assist in deriving substantial relationship between nurse staffing and medical

Essay on strategy Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

On strategy - Essay Example es have been developed and researches have been conducted to explore the socioeconomic phenomena on the concrete foundations of in-depth observation and existing realities. The global corporate culture has been adopting and following the Five Factors Model presented by famous theorist and strategic analyst Michael E. Porter in 1980. The theorist submits to state that since the contemporary era experiences the state of perfect competition in the wake of tremendous technological advancement, five-factor model is vehemently supportive in developing their strategic schemes and revising them according to the fast changing market situation. â€Å"The strategic business manager seeking to develop an edge over rival firms can use this model to better understand the industry context in which the firm operates.† (learnmarketing.net) Porter has described the following five factors as the part of his strategic model: Porter views these five factors to be regulating the future of a product as well as the organisation producing the product. Porter declares competitive rivalry between the firms as the most dynamic factor, which explains that the easier the entry in a business or industry, the higher the level of competition in that business area. Since such products are similar to one another in respect of characteristics, formulae and even outlook, the probabilities of their availability are also almost one and the same. Consequently, it is also flexible for the customers and consumers to switch from one product to its rival brand. For example, KFC is offering almost the same fast food items as being produced by McDonalds; the same is the case with Coca-Cola, RC Cola and Pepsi, where only few people are brand conscious and take these drinks as the substitute of one another. Thus, consumers take advantage of such a state of affairs, and the companies have to devise innovative plans and strategies i n order to combat with the situation of perfect competition. Porter also views

Introduction to Statistics and Econometrics Essay Example for Free

Introduction to Statistics and Econometrics Essay 1. Specialty faces the decision of how many Weather Teddy units to order for the coming holiday season. Members of the management team suggested order quantities of 15000, 18000, 24000 or 28000 units. The wide range of order quantities suggested indicate considerable disagreement concerning the market potential. The product management team asks you for an analysis of the stock-out probabilities for various order quantities, an estimate of the profit potential, and to help make an order quantity recommendation. Specialty expects to sell Weather Teddy for $24 based on a cost of per unit. If inventory remains after the holiday season, Specialty will sell all surplus inventory for $5 per unit After reviewing the sales history of similar products, Specialty’s senior sales forecaster predicted an expected demand of 20,000 units with a 0.95 probability that demand would be between 10,000 units and 30,000 units. Questions 1. Approximate the demand distribution using Normal distribution and sketch the distribution. 2. Compute the probability of a stock-out for the order quantities suggested by members of the management team. 3. Compute the projected profit for the order quantities suggested by the management team under three scenarios: worst case in which sales is 10,000 units, most likely case in which sales is 20,000 units and best case in which sales is 30,000 units Questions 1. One of Specialty’s managers felt that the profit potential was so great that the order quantity should have a 70% chance of meeting demand and only a 30% chance of any stock-outs. What quantity would be ordered under this policy, and what is the projected profit under the three sales scenarios? 2. Provide your own recommendation for an order quantity and note the associated profit projections.

Sears Company Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1 I.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Executive Summary Sears began as a small retailer but as the years have gone by, they have become the second largest retailer of the national chains. In the environmental analysis you will discover that Sears’ marketing toward women differentiated them from their competitor’s and increased their sales as well as their market share. They have had many social/cultural problems that they have had to overcome, such as problems with stakeholders. There has also been a change in the company culture that has improved the mood within the company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the SWOT analysis, the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats will be discussed. These would include employees, competition, global marketing, and the repercussions that Sears has had to face when going against the Federal government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Strategic Analysis will show some of the steps that have been taken to overcome some of the difficulties that Sears has had. The newest CEO, Arthur C. Martinez, has been a motivating leader for the company. He has implemented many changes that have increased sales and moved Sears back up to the top of the retail chain. These changes would include store remodeling, Internet strategies, differentiation, and human resource management.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In section V, I will give my analysis of Sears and some suggestions for things that they can do to change their strategies such as keeping customer’s and employees happy and staying out of trouble with stakeholders.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2 II. Environmental Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When Richard Sears first began a small retail business selling watches in 1886, he could have dreamed of his store becoming a success but the success it has become, had to be beyond his expectations. Sears has seen many different changes in business and has had to adjust to t... ...p;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   10 Sears. If Sears continues to provide employees with all of the perks and benefits that they have been, then they won’t have a large turnover and they will have their loyalty. Sears does have a fairly good reputation despite the bad press that they may have received because of problems they have had with the federal government. If they can keep out of trouble and try to keep their reputation clean, they should be able to leave these problems behind them. People will forget unless they run into similar problems again. Sears has gotten a good start on their Internet venture. They do have a lot of competition in this regard and a â€Å"new† business does take a while to get off the ground. Therefore it’s not surprising that they have had a slow start but they are beginning to pick up with the alliances and partnerships that they have entered into to boost their exposure. Their e-commerce trade could become as big as their chain of retail stores. All-in all, I believe that Sears is on the right road to recovery.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  

Indo-Pakistan Relations

Since independence, relations between Pakistan and India have been characterized by rivalry and suspicion. Although many issues divide the two countries, the most sensitive one since independence has been the status of Kashmir. Born out from the furnace of animosity, India and Pakistan, the twin brothers have a history of unique relations. There is much in common between Republic of India and Islamic Republic of Pakistan. The diplomatic relations developed soon after independence but these relations did not ensure good friendship. Roots of Conflict Here are some of the highs and lows in relations between the two counties 1947 – Britain divides its Indian empire into secular (but mainly Hindu) India and Muslim Pakistan on August 15 and 14 respectively. The partition causes one of the largest human migrations ever seen, and sparks riots and violence across the region. 1947/48 -,The blaming process started soon after the inception of Pakistan when during the world’s biggest mass migration both states were unable to provide security to minorities. At that time there were 680 princely states and their future was to be decided according to their own will. Junagadh and Kashmir are two of these states which are still a bone of contention between India and Pakistan. Junagadh was composed of 88% Hindu Majority with a Muslim ruler named Nawab Mahabat Khan. The ruler voted for Pakistan but India did not accept it on the plea of heavy Hindu majority. One the other hand, the ruler of Kashmir, Hair Singh, wanted to join India but the majority of Muslim population was in the favour of Pakistan. Maharaja Hair Singh made a â€Å"stand still agreement† with the Government of Pakistan. However, the rumors spread in Pakistan that Mahraja Hari Singh was going to accede with India. The forces of Pakistan invaded in Kashmir in 1947 and Hari Singh asked India for help. Indian Armed forces violating the provision of their constitution entered into the jurisdiction of Kashmir. 1954 – The accession of Jammu and Kashmir to India is ratified by the state's constituent assembly. 1957 – The Jammu and Kashmir constituent assembly approves a constitution. India, from the point of the 1954 ratification and 957 constitution, begins to refer to Jammu and Kashmir as an integral part of the Indian union. 1963 – Following the 1962 Sino-Indian war, the foreign ministers of India and Pakistan – Swaran Singh and Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto – hold talks under the auspices of the British and Americans regarding the Kashmir dispute. 1964 – Following the failure of the 1963 talks, Pakistan refers the Kashmir case to the UN Security Council. 1965 – Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 Full-scale hostilities erupted in September 1965 when Pakistan attacked India forcing India to attack Lahore in retaliation. India and Pakistan fight their second war. The conflict begins after a clash between border patrols in April in the Rann of Kutch (in the Indian state of Gujarat), but escalates on August 5, when between 26,000 and 33,000 Pakistani soldiers cross the ceasefire line dressed as Kashmiri locals, crossing into Indian-administered Kashmir. but as the war expands, Indian troops cross the international border at Lahore on September 6. The largest engagement of the war takes place in the Sialkot sector, where between 400 and 600 tanks square off in an inconclusive battle. By September 22, both sides agree to a UN mandated ceasefire, ending the war that had by that point reached a stalemate, with both sides holding some of the other's territory. In 1965 India launched operation Meghdoot and captured 80% of Siachen Glacier. 1966 – On January 10, 1966, Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahdaur Shastri and Pakistani President Ayub Khan sign an agreement at Tashkent (now in Uzbekistan), agreeing to withdraw to pre-August lines and that economic and diplomatic relations would be restored. 971 – Pakistan and India go to war a third time, this time over East Pakistan. Bangladesh was created out of East Pakistan. 1971 was a black year in the history of Pakistan as she lost its eastern wing as India intervened to favour Bengali people and seized the Qasim part. 90, 000 Pakistani soliders surrendered in Bangladesh. India and Pakistan go to war a third time, this time over East Pakistan. Hostilities lasted 13 days, making this one of the shortest wars in mo dern history. East Pakistan becomes the independent country of Bangladesh on December 6, 1971 1972 -. Pakistani Prime Minister Zulifiqar Ali Bhutto and Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi sign an agreement in the Indian town of Simla, in which both countries agree to â€Å"put an end to the conflict and confrontation that have hitherto marred their relations and work for the promotion of a friendly and harmonious relationship and the establishment of a durable peace in the subcontinent†. Both sides agree to settle any disputes â€Å"by peaceful means†. The Simla Agreement designates the ceasefire line of December 17, 1971, as being the new â€Å"Line-of-Control (LoC)† between the two countries, which neither side is to seek to alter unilaterally, and which â€Å"shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side†. Nuclear Arm Race 1974 – On May 18, India detonates a nuclear device at Pokhran, in an operation codenamed â€Å"Smiling Buddha†. India refers to the device as a â€Å"peaceful nuclear explosive†. 1985- In December 1985, President Zia and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi pledged not to attack each other's nuclear facilities. 986, the Indian and Pakistani governments began high-level talks to resolve the Siachen Glacier border dispute and to improve trade. 1988 – The change in leadership brought a new era of relation between the two rivals. In Dec 1988 Benazir Bhutto Shaheed and Rajiv Gandhi resumed talks on different issues melding cultured exch ange, civil aviation and not to attack each other nuclear facilities. At that time BB said. â€Å"Burry the Hatchet; we have had enough of it. Let’s start a new chapter. India has a new generation leadership. Rajiv & I belong to a new generation. We have some kinship. He father was assassinated and so was my father. He lost his brother and so have I we both can start from clean state. † The two countries sign an agreement that neither side will attack the other's nuclear installations or facilities. Both sides agree to share information on the latitudes and longitudes of all nuclear installations. This agreementis later ratified, and the two countries share information on January 1 each year since then. 1989 – Armed resistance to Indian rule in the Kashmir valley begins. Muslim political parties, after accusing the state government of rigging the 1987 state legislative elections, form militant wings. Pakistan says that it gives its â€Å"moral and diplomatic† support to the movement, reiterating its call for the earlier UN-sponsored referendum. India says that Pakistan is supporting the insurgency by providing weapons and training to fighters, terming attacks against it in Kashmir â€Å"cross-border terrorism†. Pakistan denies this. Militant groups taking part in the fight in Kashmir continue to emerge through the 1990s, in part fuelled by a large influx of â€Å"mujahideen† who took part in the Afghan war against the Soviets in the 1980s. Indo-Pakistani Cold War Bilateral tensions increased in early 1990, when Kashmiri separatists from Pakistan occupied Kashmir backed by the Pakistan's ISI perpetrated violence in Indian Kashmir. Subsequent high-level bilateral meetings relieved the tensions between Pakistan and India, 1991 – A formal â€Å"no attack† agreement was signed in January 1991. The two countries sign agreements on providing advance notification of military exercises, maneuvers and troop movements, as well as on preventing airspace violations and establishing overflight rules. 992 – A joint declaration prohibiting the use of chemical weapons is signed in New Delhi. 1993- but relations worsened again after terrorist bombings in Bombay, in March 1993. Talks between the Foreign Secretaries of both countries in January 1994 resulted in deadlock. 1996 – Following a series of clashes, military officers from both countries meet at the LoC in order to ease tensions. 1997, high level talks were resumed after 3 years. Prime Minister of India and Pakistan met twice and foreign secretaries conducted 3 rounds of talks in which they identified 8 outstanding issues to focuss. These 8 issues were †¢ Kashmir issue †¢ Water crisis †¢ Sir creek issue †¢ Rann of kutch †¢ MFN status †¢ Siachen issue †¢ State sponsored issue †¢ Nuclear Deterrence 1998 – In September 1997 the talks broke down on structural issue where as in May 1998 the situation became harder because of nuclear experiment conducted by Pakistan. India detonates five nuclear devices at Pokhran. Pakistan responds by detonating six nuclear devices of its own in the Chaghai Hills. The tests result in international sanctions being placed on both countries. In the same year, both countries carry out tests of long-range missiles. Improvement in Relations In the late 1990s, the Indo-Pakistani relationship veered sharply between rapprochement and conflict. After taking office in February 1997, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif moved to resume an official dialogue with India. A number of meetings at the foreign secretary and Prime Ministerial level took place, with positive atmospherics but little concrete progress 1999 in feb,Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee meets with Nawaz Sharif, his Pakistani counterpart, in Lahore. The two sign the Lahore Declaration, the first major agreement between the two countries since the 1972 Simla Accord. Both countries reaffirm their commitment to the Simla Accord, and agree to undertake a number of ‘Confidence Building Measures' (CBMs). Some of the diplomatic gains are eroded, however, after the Kargil conflict breaks out in May. Kargil is the first armed conflict between the two neighbours since they officially conducted nuclear weapons tests. 2001 – Tensions along the Line of Control remain high, with 38 people killed in an attack on the Kashmiri assembly in Srinagar. In July, Pakistani President Pervez Musharraf and Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee meet for a two-day summit in the Indian city of Agra. That summit collapses after two days, with both sides unable to reach agreement on the core issue of Kashmir. On December 13, an armed attack on the Indian parliament in New Delhi leaves 14 people dead. India blames Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Muhammad for the attacks. 2002 – President Musharraf pledges that Pakistan will combat extremism on its own soil, but affirms that the country has a right to Kashmir. 2003 – After Musharraf calls for a ceasefire along he LoC during a UN General Assembly meeting in September, the two countries reach an agreement to cool tensions and cease hostilities across the defacto border. 2004 – Vajpayee and Musharraf hold direct talks at the 12th SAARC summit in Islamabad in January, and the two countries' foreign secretaries meet later in the year. This year marks the beginning of the Compo site Dialogue Process, in which bilateral meetings are held between officials at various levels of government (including foreign ministers, foreign secretaries, military officers, border security officials, anti-narcotics officials and nuclear experts). In November, on the eve of a visit to Jammu and Kashmir, the new Indian prime minister, Manmohan Singh, announces that India will be reducing its deployment of troops there. 2006 – India redeploys 5,000 troops from Jammu and Kashmir, citing an â€Å"improvement† in the situation there, but the two countries are unable to reach an agreement on withdrawing forces from the Siachen glacier. In September, President Musharraf and Prime Minister Singh agree to put into place an Indo-Pak institutional anti-terrorism mechanism. 007 – The Samjhota express carnage of 18th February 2007 added fuel to fire. the train service between India and Pakistan (the Samjhauta Express) is bombed near Panipat, north of New Delhi. Sixty-eight people are killed, and dozens injured. The fifth round of talks regarding the review of nuclear and ballistic missile-related CBMs is held as part of the Composite Dialogue Process. The second round of the Joint Anti-Terrorism Mechanism (JATM) is als o held. 2008 – India joins a framework agreement between Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Pakistan on a $7. 6bn gas pipeline project. A series of Kashmir-specific CBMs are also agreed to (including the approval of a triple-entry permit facility). In July, India blames Pakistan's Inter Services Intelligence (ISI) directorate for a bomb attack on the Indian embassy in Kabul, which kills 58 and injures another 141. In September, Pakistani President Asif Ali Zardari and Indian Prime Minister Singh formally announce the opening of several trade routes between the two countries. In October, cross-LoC trade commences, though it is limited to 21 items and can take place on only two days a week. On November 26, 2008, a series of ten co-ordinated attacks were committed by terrorist which began across Mumbai which is the Indian financial capital and the largest city. The attack was started on 26 November 2008 and ended on 29 November 2008. In these attacks 173 people were killed including 35 foreigner where as 38 were wounded. India blamed Lashkar-e-Taiba .. Another reason was that Obama Discussed to solve Kashmir issue to bring stability in the South Asian region. This attack was done to divert his attention. In the wake of the attacks, India breaks off talks with Pakistan. 009 – The Pakistani government admits that the Mumbai attacks may have been partly planned on Pakistani soil, while vigorously denying allegations that the plotters were sanctioned or aided by Pakistan's intelligence agencies. In August, India gives Pakistan a new dossier of evidence regarding the Mumbai attacks, asking it to prosecute Hafiz Mohammad Saeed, the head of Jamaat-ud-Dawa, an Islamic cha rity with ties to Lashkar-e-Taiba. 2010 – In January, Pakistani and Indian forces exchange fire across the LoC in Kashmir, the latest in a string of such incidents that have led to rising tension in the area. In February, India and Pakistan's foreign secretaries meet in New Delhi for talks. This meeting is followed by the two countries' foreign ministers meeting in Islamabad in July. In May, Ajmal Kasab is found guilty of murder, conspiracy and of waging war against India in the Mumbai attacks case. He is sentenced to death. 2011 – In January, Indian Home Secretary GK Pillai says India will share information with Pakistan regarding the 2001 Samjhauta Express bombing. The two countries' foreign secretaries meet in Thimpu, Nepal, in February, and agree to resume peace talks â€Å"on all issues†.

Modernist Literature Essay - 2369 Words

Modernism emerged at the beginning of the twentieth century, following World War I and flowing through the â€Å"roaring twenties.† Materialism, crime, depression, and change filled this era. Reflecting the revolutionary time period, modernism itself was a revolution of style. Musicians, artists, and writers broke away from traditional, conventional techniques to create new, rebellious art. Modernism, in other words, was a change in how artists represented the world in their works. Passionate, sporadic jazz music—referred to as â€Å"jungle music†Ã¢â‚¬â€danced through the music scene. Painters such as Pablo Picasso and Wassily Kandinsky stroked over the paintings of impressionist, representationalist artists, such as Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas.†¦show more content†¦Before artists concerned themselves with what they said; now they were most concerned with how they said it. Therefore, content and subject matter became back-up dancers to style. H emingway’s The Sun Also Rises, for instance, revolves around a few characters that go from cafà © to cafà © drinking and chatting nonchalantly. Another modernist artist, T.S. Eliot, writes a long, beautiful poem entitled â€Å"The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufruck† about a man contemplating asking a girl out, and William Carlos Williams describes a plain red wheelbarrow in one of his poems. However, the reader does not become frustrated with these simple, somewhat shallow plots because the style triumphs. For example, J. Alfred Prufruck’s silly contemplation of courtship does not seem so silly because Eliot has a charming style. The Great Gatsby is another huge triumph of style over content. Although the novel itself is about tragedy and loss and should leave one feeling very depressed, the reader feels quite the opposite. In other words, Fitzgerald’s writing brings pleasure despite his dismal subject matter. Not only are the subject matters of modernist works unconventionally simple, but the sentences and word choices are also quite uncomplicated. Modernist writers left behind the showy, overwritten, sentimental writing that was common before them and wrote leaner works. In The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald uses short, simple sentences throughout the work. For instance,Show MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Ezra Pound s His Philosophy And The Rallying Cry For Modernist Literature1780 Words   |  8 PagesEzra Pound was one of the most famous and influential figures in the Modernist literature movement. â€Å"Make it new† was his philosophy and the rallying cry for Modernist literature. Whilst the Modernists tried to capture the new by a â€Å"persistent experimentalism, it rejected the traditional (Victorian and Edwardian) framework of narrative, description, and rational exposition in poetry and prose† . Modernist literature not only rejected the old in terms of form, but also in subject matter- ModernismRead MoreThe History of Modernist Literature2326 Words   |  9 Pagesï » ¿ Modernism, as an artistic movement, was notoriously explicit about depicting sex. Indeed much of the history of Modernist literature involves censorship and legal embargoes against work which was deemed too obscene to be permitted general availability and Modernist novels ranging from Joyces Ulysses to Henry Millers Tropic of Cancer would have to overcome legal hurdles before they could be read. The importance of Paris as a center for publication activity cannot be understated here: both JamesRead MoreThe Modernist Movement Of Literature2005 Words   |  9 PagesThe modernist movement in Literature came about in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as authors began to consciously break from traditional writing styles and experiment with new methods of storytelling. These authors drew their inspiration from the real world and their own experiences. Every aspect of the world has its own influence from historical events to developments in psychological theory. The authors of the modernist era, such as William Faulkner, Virginia Woolf, T.S. ElliotRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem The Dead By James Joyce1280 Words   |  6 Pagesthoughts, and sorrows in their fragmented societies. Authors such as James Joyce, T.S. Elliot, and Virginia Wolfe gave voice to these individuals through their implementation of a stream of consciousness writing style that became a key feature in the modernist literary movement. In his short story â€Å"The Dead†, the final tale in his collection Dubliners, James Joyce represents the struggles of a well-respected figure whose depression and low self-esteem causes him to agonize over an annual speech he givesRead MoreModernism: Just another Word for the 20th Century599 Words   |  2 Pagescompositions. Whereas in the Victorian era (which came after the Romantic Period), the subject matter for poetry was often socially-oriented. Victorian literature often saw a drive for social advancement. There was a set of standards and codes of conduct making people have, what was seen as â€Å"proper† behaviour. This in turn led to Modernism. The Modernist Period was first a reaction against the previous Victorian culture. Intellectuals and artists of the 20th century believed that the previous era’s wayRead MoreEssay about The Power of Horace McCoy’s They Shoot Horses, Don’t They?2674 Words   |  11 PagesThe Power of Horace McCoy’s They Shoot Horses, Don’t They? Professor’s Comment: The premise of this essay is to highlight the capacity of Noir literature to defy Modernist values and pioneer later avant-garde literary movements. This student produced a focused, organized, well supported essay. 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Through the Harlem Renaissance we see a growth and expansion of opportunities in theRead MoreDubliners:How is it related to Modernism?1657 Words   |  7 PagesReading a modernist novel entails bearing in mind a whole new world of ideas, a quite different perspective of giving life to those ideas than other written works and certainly a new aspect of accepting those ideas as a reader. It is not easy to pinpoint modernisms roots and it is also difficult to say exactly what it expresses. However, one thing that is clearly proved in a modernist novel is the fact that there is a change in th e understanding of the human self and the interaction between charactersRead MoreIndividual and Society in Virginia Woolfs Novel quot;mrs Dallowayquot;1036 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to Viktors Ivbulis (1995: 23 - 29) in Modernist fiction a special attention is paid to an individual who degrades because of the pressure from the society and is therefore shown as a small part of the society being unable to do miracles. Moreover, the 20th centurys fight for the power makes the rights of an individual be dependent on the rights of the society. This individual is not a personality anymore that was established in the 19th century literature. It is a simple person, who is depressedRead MoreModernism Vs. 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